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Sir James Audley’s Bravery
On the English side, Lord James Audley fought in the center of the battle, supported by his four loyal squires. He was severely wounded...
The Flight of the Duke of Normandy’s Forces
As the Black Prince and his army advanced, the Duke of Normandy’s battle became uneasy. Many of the French commanders, including the duke himself,...
The Black Prince Confronts Church Interference
During the heat of battle, the Black Prince learned that some of the cardinal’s men had entered the field with armor, which was improper....
The Romance of Chivalry
Many people have admired the history of chivalry for its fascinating stories and heroic ideals. Tales of knights performing brave deeds in splendid tournaments,...
The Desire for Liberty
The author of a late History of the Reign of Philip Augustus observes that the desire for freedom appeared in almost all countries around...
Prefatory Essay
The Role of Virtue and Vice in History
In the early centuries, the strict and disciplined life of the first monks, called cenobites, helped establish...
Thyateira and the Battle of Magnesia
Before the decisive Battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, the Seleucid army camped in the area around Thyateira. This important battle was fought between...
Early Christian Churches in Pergamum
Archaeological excavations have revealed the remains of several church buildings in ancient Pergamum. These discoveries show that Christianity became well established in the city...
The Heresy of Balaam in Pergamum
It seems that, despite their faith in the new Christian religion, some believers in Pergamum were still following practices that St John considered dangerous....
Plagues and Resilience
The steady development of Anatolia during the Roman period faced serious challenges, but for a long time these were not enough to bring it...
